Lightning superbolts are the most powerful and rare lightning events. Here, we report electromagnetic observations of superbolts from ground and space measurements, showing their extreme power with 10-1000 times more powerful VLF waves transmitted into space than typical strokes.

The NASA Cassini mission revealed the existence of an ocean and hydrothermal activity underneath the Saturnian moon’s icy surface. Earth's hydrothermal systems team with microbial life. How likely are Enceladus’ hydrothermal vents habitable to Earth-like microorganisms?